JESUS'S LAST DIALOGUES.
THE PARACLETE OF JOHN'S GOSPEL.
(From the book "The Bible, the Quran and
Science", by Maurice Bucaille, 1976)
John is the only evangelist to report the episode of the last dialogue with the
Apostles. It takes place at the end of the Last Supper and before Jesus's arrest. It
ends in a very long speech: four chapters in John's Gospel (14 to 17) are devoted
to this narration which is not mentioned anywhere in the other Gospels. These chapters of John nevertheless deal with questions of prime importance and
fundamental significance to the future outlook. They are set out with all the grandeur
and solemnity that characterizes the farewell scene between the Master and His disciples.
This very touching farewell scene which contains Jesus's spiritual testament, is
entirely absent from Matthew, Mark and Luke. How can the absence of this description be explained? One might ask the following. did the text initially exist in
the first three Gospels? Was it subsequently suppressed? Why? It must be stated immediately that no answer can be found; the mystery surrounding this huge gap in
the narrations of the first three evangelists remains as obscure as ever.
The dominating feature of this narration-seen in the crowning speech-is the view of
man's future that Jesus describes, His care in addressing His disciples, and through
them the whole of humanity, His recommendations and commandments and His
concern to specify the guide whom man must follow after His departure. The text
of John's Gospel is the only one to designate him as Parakletos in Greek, which in
English has become 'Paraclete'. The following are the essential passages:
"If you love me, you will keep my commandments. And I will pray the Father, and
he will give you another Paraclete." (14, 15-16)
What does 'Paraclete' mean? The present text of John's Gospel explains its
meaning as follows:
"But the Paraclete, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, he will
teach you all things, and bring to your remembrance all that I have said to you"
(14, 26).
"he will bear witness to me" (15, 26).
"it is to your advantage that I go away, for if I do not go away, the Paraclete will
not come to you; but if I go, I will send him to you. And when he comes, he will
convince the world of sin and of righteousness and of judgment . . ."
(16, 7-8).
"When the Spirit of truth comes, he will guide you into all the truth; for he will not
speak on his own authority, but whatever he hears he will speak, and he will
declare to you the things that are to come. He will glorify me . . ."
(16, 13-14).
(It must be noted that the passages in John, chapters 14-17, which have not been
cited here, in no way alter the general meaning of these quotations).
On a cursory reading, the text which identifies the Greek word 'Paraclete' with the
Holy Spirit is unlikely to attract much attention. This is especially true when the
subtitles of the text are generally used for translations and the terminology commentators employ in works for mass publication direct the reader towards the
meaning in these passages that an exemplary orthodoxy would like them to have. Should one have the slightest dimculty in comprehension, there are many
explanations available, such as those given by A. Tricot in his Little Dictionary of
the New Testament (Petit Dictionnaire du Nouveau Testament) to enlighten one on this subject. In his entry on the Paraclete this commentator writes the following:
"This name or title translated from the Greek is only used in the New Testament by
John: he uses it four times in his account of Jesus's speech after the Last Supper[42] (14, 16 and 26; 15, 26; 16, 7) and once in his First Letter (2, 1). In
John's Gospel the word is applied to the Holy Spirit; in the Letter it refers to Christ.
'Paraclete' was a term in current usage among the Hellenist Jews, First century A.D., meaning 'intercessor', 'defender' (. . .) Jesus predicts that the Spirit will be
sent by the Father and Son. Its mission will be to take the place of the Son in the
role he played during his mortal life as a helper for the benefit of his disciples. The
Spirit will intervene and act as a substitute for Christ, adopting the role of Paraclete
or omnipotent intercessor."
This commentary therefore makes the Holy Spirit into the ultimate guide of man
after Jesus's departure. How does it square with John's text?
It is a necessary question because a priori it seems strange to ascribe the last
paragraph quoted above to the Holy Spirit: "for he will not speak on his own authority, but whatever he hears he will speak, and he will declare to you the things
that are to come." It seems inconceivable that one could ascribe to the Holy Spirit
the ability to speak and declare whatever he hears . . . Logic demands that this
question be raised, but to my knowledge, it is not usually the subject of commentaries.
To gain an exact idea of the problem, one has to go back to the basic Greek text.
This is especially important because John is universally recognized to have written
in Greek instead of another language. The Greek text consulted was the Novum
Testamentum Graece[43].
Any serious textual criticism begins with a search for variations. Here it would seem
that in all the known manuscripts of John's Gospel, the only variation likely to
change the meaning of the sentence Is in passage 14, 26 of the famous Palimpsest
version written in Syriac[44]. Here it is not the Holy Spirit that is mentioned, but
quite simply the Spirit. Did the scribe merely miss out a word or, knowing full well
that the text he was to copy claimed to make the Holy Spirit hear and speak, did
he perhaps lack the audacity to write something that seemed absurd to him? Apart
from this observation there is little need to labour the other variations, they are
grammatical and do not change the general meaning. The important thing is that what has been demonstrated here with regard to the exact meaning of the verbs 'to
hear' and 'to speak' should apply to all the other manuscripts of John's Gospel, as is
indeed the case.
The verb 'to hear, in the translation is the Greek verb 'akouô' meaning to perceive
sounds. It has, for example, given us the word 'acoustics', the science of sounds.
The verb 'to speak' in the translation is the Greek verb 'laleô' which has the general
meaning of 'to emit sounds' and the specific meaning of 'to speak'. This verb occurs
very frequently in the Greek text of the Gospels. It designates a solemn declaration
made by Jesus during His preachings. It therefore becomes clear that the communication to man which He here proclaims does not in any way consist of a
statement inspired by the agency of the Holy Spirit. It has a very obvious material
character moreover, which comes from the idea of the emission of sounds conveyed by the Greek word that defines it.
The two Greek verbs 'akouô' and 'laleô' therefore define concrete actions which
can only be applied to a being with hearing and speech organs. It is consequently
impossible to apply them to the Holy Spirit.
For this reason, the text of this passage from John's Gospel, as handed down to us
in Greek manuscripts, is quite incomprehensible if one takes it as a whole, including
the words 'Holy Spirit' in passage 14, 26. "But the Paraclete, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name" etc. It is the only passage in John's Gospel
that identifies the Paraclete with the Holy Spirit.
If the words 'Holy Spirit' (to pneuma to agion) are ommitted from the passage,
the complete text of John then conveys a meaning which is perfectly clear. It is
confirmed moreover, by another text by the same evangelist, the First Letter, where
John uses the same word 'Paraclete' simply to mean Jesus, the intercessor at God's
side[45]. According to John, when Jesus says (14, 16): "And I will pray the Father,
and he will give you another Paraclete", what He is saying is that 'another' intercessor will be sent to man, as He Himself was at God's side on man's behalf
during His earthly life.
According to the rules of logic therefore, one is brought to see in John's Paraclete a
human being like Jesus, possessing the faculties of hearing and speech formally implied in John's Greek text. Jesus therefore predicts that God will later send a
human being to Earth to take up the role defined by John, i.e. to be a prophet who
hears God's word and repeats his message to man. This is the logical interpretation
of John's texts arrived at if one attributes to the words their proper meaning.
The presence of the term 'Holy Spirit' in today's text could easily have come from a
later addition made quite deliberately. It may have been intended to change the original meaning which predicted the advent of a prophet subsequent to Jesus and
was therefore in contradiction with the teachings of the Christian churches at the
time of their formation; these teachings maintained that Jesus was the last of the
prophets.
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